Prosopagnosia - Face Blidness

Prosopagnosia is a disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize faces is impaired, while the ability to recognize other objects may be relatively intact.

The term originally referred to a condition following acute brain damage, but a congenital form of the disorder has been proposed, which may be inherited by about 2.5% of the population.

The specific brain area usually associated with prosopagnosia is the fusiform gyrus.

Few successful therapies have so far been developed for affected people, although individuals often learn to use 'piecemeal' or 'feature by feature' recognition strategies.

This may involve secondary clues such as clothing, gait, hair colour, body shape, and voice. Because the face seems to function as an important identifying feature in memory, it can also be difficult for people with this condition to keep track of information about people, and socialize normally with others.

Some also use the term prosophenosia, which refers to the inability to recognize faces following extensive damage of both occipital and temporal lobes.

Children with Prosopagnosia
Developmental prosopagnosia can be a difficult thing for a child to both understand and cope with. Many adults with developmental prosopagnosia report for a long time they had no idea that they had a deficit in face processing, unaware that others could distinguish people solely on facial differences.

Children with prosopagnosia can be hard to find. They may just appear to be very shy or slightly odd due to their inabilities to recognise faces.

Children with prosopagnosia may have a hard time making friends, as they may not recognize their classmates. They often make friends with children with other distinguishing features.

Children with prosopagnosia may also have difficulties following the plots of television shows and movies, as they have trouble recognizing the different characters.

They tend to gravitate towards cartoons, where the characters always wear the same thing and have other distinguishing features.

Prosopagnosiac children may also have a hard time telling family members apart or recognizing people out of context (i.e. the teacher in a grocery store).

Additionally, those children with prosopagnosia can have a difficult time with the public school system, as many school professionals are not well versed in prosopagnosia, if they are aware of the disorder at all.

Resources
Resources to help parents and professionals cope with prosopagnosia in children are also being developed, such as Understanding Facial Recognition Disorders in Children by Nancy L. Mindick

Oliver Sacks, famous neuroscientist, author of many books including The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat; although he knew what prosopagnosia was and had studied it, he did not realise he had it until people became shocked that he confused one of his brothers with the other and then, discussing it with family members, learned that a number of them had similar difficulties with face.

Dame Jane Goodall, British primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist, best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees.

Listen to Jane describe her condition and how it's affected her life:

Autism: New Theory Explains Face Recognition Barriers

Face recognition is something that people have difficulty with. For people with autism, the process of face recognition is much harder.

A popular theory states that the difficulty in facial recognition starts from childhood.

Children with autism are likely to avoid encountering different faces during childhood, which harms the development of the brain area for processing faces.

Darren Hedley, a PhD graduate from Flinders University proposes another theory that could explain this situation.

According to Hedley, people with autism might have an early or unconscious memory of faces and the problem is the way they process the information in their later years.

"People with autism have difficulty recognising peoples' faces and that's believed to contribute to social impairments such as understanding emotion and the thoughts and feelings of others, which is a characteristic of autism," Hedley said.

"But we think that part of the facial recognition deficit in autism may be because of difficulties with complex information processing, which may affect the person's ability to combine and process all that incoming sensory information and to then make an accurate response," he said.

During his doctoral studies, Hedley performed a series of "eye-tracking" tests on adults with autism to determine their conscious and subconscious reaction to new and familiar faces.

Hedley said the findings indicated that people with autism may have "dissociation between implicit processing and explicit face recognition", as opposed to an early memory deficit.

"It's not so much the face isn't recognised by the brain but there's a problem in them being able to then use that information to say 'I recognise this person'."

In addition to his PhD research, Hedley has been involved in a cross-cultural partnership to evaluate the effectiveness of an early detection tool for children with autism that was developed at Flinders University and tried out in Mexico from 2004 to 2008.

A paper on the Autism Detection in Early Childhood assessment tool was recently selected as a winner of Flinders inaugural Best Student Paper Award, which aims to recognise excellence in student research across the University.